Surface Water Pollution Control Program 3

Watershed Approach 3

Water Quality Standards 5

Point Source Pollution Control 6

Effluent Toxicity Monitoring 10

Nonpoint Source Pollution Control 10

Costs and Benefits of Water Pollution Control 12

Major Water Pollution Concerns 16

Physical Concerns 17

Chemical Concerns 17

Biological Concerns 18

General Recommendations 18

PART III: SURFACE WATER ASSESSMENT | 20

Chapter One: Surface Water Monitoring Programs 20

Stream Chemistry Monitoring Program 20

Biological Monitoring Program 23

Fish Tissue Monitoring Programs 24

Lake and Wetland Water Quality Monitoring Program 27

Special Investigations 29

Chapter Two: Assessment Methodology and Summary Data 30

Assessment Methodology 30

Stream Physicochemical and Microbiological Data 30

Stream Macroinvertebrate Community Data 36

Lakes and Wetlands 37

Chapter Three: Stream Water Quality Assessment 38

Support of Designated Uses 38

Special Summary for Aquatic Life Support Use 41

Major Causes and Sources of Stream Impairment 44

Stream Assessment Maps 48

Chapter Four: Lake Water Quality Program 59

Summary Statistics 59

Clean Lakes Program 60

Background 60

Trophic Status 60

Control Methods 62

Restoration/Rehabilitation Efforts 63

Impaired and Threatened Lakes 66

Acid Effects on Lakes 69

Trends in Lake Water Quality 71

Chapter Five: Wetlands Assessment 73

Extent of Wetland Resources 73

Integrity of Wetland Resources 74

Development of Wetland Water Quality Standards 75

Additional Wetland Protection Activities 75

Chapter Six: Public Health and Aquatic Life Concerns 77

Size of Waters Affected by Toxicants 77

Toxicant Impacts on Aquatic Life Support Use 77

Toxicant Impacts on Domestic Water Supply Use 81

Assessment of Domestic Water Use Support for Rivers, Streams, and Lakes 83

PART IV: GROUNDWATER ASSESSMENT | 85

Kansas Groundwater Resources 85

Groundwater Monitoring Program 85

Groundwater Quality Monitoring Network 87

Special Studies 87

Major Causes and Sources of Groundwater Contamination 89
Summary of Groundwater Quality 91

REFERENCES | 93

APPENDIX | 95

Part 1. LABORATORY CHEMICAL ANALYSES

A1. Compliance Monitoring Program 95

A2. Effluent Toxicity Program 96

B. Stream Program 97

C. Fish Tissue Program 98

D. Lake Program 99

E. Groundwater Program 100

Part II. DATA SOURCES FOR FIGURES AND MAPS 102

 

LIST OF TABLES

1. Kansas Atlas p3
2. Number of Active KWPC and NPDES Permits, FFY 1991-1995 p7
3. Permit Compliance Record p8
4. Kansas Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Partners p11
5. Summary of Local Environmental Code Adoption p12
6. KDHE Cooperative Funding for Construction of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facility Upgrades and Expansions p15
7. Guidelines for Evaluation of Use Support in Streams p31
8. Summary of Numeric Water Quality Criteria Used to Evaluate Use Support p35
9. Summary of Fully Supporting, Threatened, and Impaired Stream Miles p38
10. Individual Use Support Summary for Streams in Miles p40
11. National Guidance-Based Summary of Fully Supporting, Threatened, and Impaired Streams Miles p41
12. National Guidance-Based Support Ratings for Individual Stream Uses p42
13. Categories of Data Used in ALUS Assessments for Rivers and Streams p43
14. Total Stream Mileage Impaired by Various Cause (Pollutant) Categories p45
15. Total Stream Mileage Impaired by Various Pollutant Source Categories p47
16. Categories of Data used in ALUS Assessments for Lakes p59
17. Lake Acreage with Identifiable Point and Nonpoint Source Pollution Contributions p59
18. Trophic Status of Lakes Assessed During This Reporting Cycle p61
19. Clean Lakes Program Phase I and II Projects Undertaken in Kansas, Including Restoration/Rehabilitation Efforts p65
20. Summary of Fully Supporting, Threatened, and Impaired Lakes p66
21. Individual Use Summary in Acres for Lakes p67
22. Total Lake Acres Impacted by Various Cause Categories p68
23. Total Lake Acres Impaired by Various Source Categories p69
24. Acid Effects on Lakes p70
25. Sources of Low pH in Lakes p71
26. Trophic State Trends in Lakes p71
27. Extent of Wetlands p73
28. Development of State Wetland Water Quality Standards p75
29. Total Stream Mileage and Lake/Wetland Acreage Affected by Toxicants p77
30. Waterbodies Affected by Fishkills (1991-1995) p78
31. Waterbodies Affected by Fish Consumption Restrictions p82
32. Summary of Domestic Water Supply Use Impairments in Streams p83
33. Summary of Domestic Water Supply Use Impairments in Lakes p84
34. Summary of State Groundwater Protection Programs p86
35. Major Sources of Groundwater Contamination p90
36. Groundwater Contamination Summary p92

List of Figures

1. Effluent Compliance and Toxicity Monitoring Networks p9
2a. Counties with Environmental Codes Adopted p13
2b. Approved Nonpoint Source Pollution Management Plans p1
3. Current and Planned 319 Projects p14
4. Stream Chemistry Monitoring Network p22
5. Stream Biological Monitoring Network p25
6. Fish Tissue Monitoring Network p26
7. Lake and Wetland Monitoring Network p28
8a. Stream Mileage Impaired by Various Cause Categories p46
8b. Stream Mileage Impaired by Various Pollutant Source Categories p46
9. Groundwater Monitoring Network p88

LIST OF STREAM ASSESSMENT MAPS

• Level of Support for Streams Designated for Aquatic Life (Based on Compliance with Acute Criteria only) 49
• Level of Support for Streams Designated for Aquatic Life (Based on Compliance with Acute and Chronic Criteria) 50
• Level of Support for Streams Designated for Contact Recreational Use 51
• Level of Support for Streams Designated for Noncontact Recreational Use 52
• Level of Support for Streams Designated for Domestic Water Supply Use 53
• Level of Support for Streams Designated for Irrigation Use 54
• Level of Support for Streams Designated for Livestock Watering Use 55
• Streams Impaired by Total Suspended Solids 56
• Streams Impaired by Pathogens (Fecal Coliform Bacteria) . 57
• Streams Impaired by Salinity, Total Dissolved Solids, Chloride, and/or Sulfate. . 58

Table of Contents - Part I - Part II - Part III - Part IV - References - Appendix

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